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Dans son étude « Le solaire photovoltaïque en Afrique : coûts et marchés », l’Agence internationale pour les énergies renouvelables (Irena) estime que l’utilisation de l’énergie photovoltaïque va exploser sur le continent africain au cours des prochaines années. Le fort taux d’ensoleillement de l’Afrique et la baisse des coûts des technologies solaires pourraient même faire de l’énergie photovoltaïque la pierre angulaire de son mix énergétique.

La baisse des coûts des technologies solaires

L’Irena a publié le 22 septembre dernier une étude centrée sur les opportunités de développement de l’énergie solaire en Afrique. Les auteurs de ce dossier sont formels : il s’agit d’une source d’énergie renouvelable particulièrement adaptée au continent africain et à ses problématiques énergétiques.

« Suite à la baisse rapide du coût technologique, la viabilité commerciale de l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque en Afrique n’a jamais été aussi évidente », explique le rapport de l’Irena. Selon les chiffres avancés par cette organisation intergouvernementale, le coût des technologies solaires a en effet baissé de 62 % entre 2009 et 2015. La tendance devrait au moins se poursuivre jusqu’en 2025.

A lire : Le solaire en Afrique, une opportunité pour la technologie française

Résultat, le coût installé de l’énergie produite en Afrique grâce aux installations solaires à l’échelle des services publics a connu une baisse de 61 % au cours des 5 dernières années. Aujourd’hui, la construction d’une centrale solaire sur le continent africain affiche un coût de 1,30 dollars par watt installé, alors que la moyenne mondiale se situe autour de 1,80 dollars par watt.

Une opportunité économique et technologique

« Associée au fort potentiel solaire que présente le continent [2.000 kilowattheures par mètre carré et par an, ndlr], cette baisse des coûts ouvre de vastes horizons énergétiques pour l’Afrique. L’énergie solaire PV, en réseau ou hors réseau, s’impose aujourd’hui comme un moyen concurrentiel sur le plan économique de satisfaire les besoins d’énergie croissants du continent et d’apporter l’électricité aux 600 millions d’Africains non approvisionnés à l’heure actuelle », explique Adnan Z. Amin, le directeur général de l’Irena.

L’Irena estime donc que le développement de l’énergie solaire en Afrique est une opportunité tout aussi accessible économiquement qu’attractive d’un point de vue technologique. Mieux, avec une politique énergétique adéquate, le continent pourrait disposer d’une puissance solaire installée de 70 GW à l’horizon 2030.

Les pouvoirs publics africains et les investisseurs auraient-ils déjà compris cet enjeu ? La capacité photovoltaïque de l’Afrique connait depuis quelques années une hausse soutenue. En 2014, la puissance solaire africaine a augmenté de quelque 800 MW, multipliant ainsi par deux la capacité cumulée de l’ensemble du continent. À l’échelle mondiale, les volumes d’énergie photovoltaïque produits ont été multipliés par six depuis 2009.

A lire : Afrique : favoriser l’accès à l’eau potable avec l’énergie solaire

Crédit photo : CariPa