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L’Agence de Protection de l’Environnement américaine (EPA) vient de publier les nouvelles normes sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre des centrales thermiques alimentées au charbon. Ces normes établies dans le cadre du ‘Clean Air Act’, la loi américaine sur l’air, limitent les émissions à 454 grammes de CO2 par kWh.

Ces normes ne concernent que les nouvelles centrales. Les centrales déjà en cours d’exploitation et celles dont la construction commencera au cours des 12 prochains mois ne seront pas tenues de respecter les normes  de l’EPA.

Ces nouvelles normes  apparaissent comme une incitation claire à privilégier les centrales au gaz et à délaisser le charbon. En effet, dans les conditions technologiques actuelles, les centrales charbon les moins polluantes émettent environ 750 grammes de CO2 par kWh, soit bien plus que les normes qui vont entrer en vigueur aux États-Unis.

Pour être dans la norme, les centrales au charbon devraient être équipées de nouvelles technologies de capture et de stockage du carbone. Plutôt que de se lancer dans des investissements technologiques importants, les exploitants devraient donc privilégier les centrales au gaz, moins polluantes, pour s’adapter aux normes édictées par l’EPA : en effet les émissions d’une centrale à cycle combiné sont d’environ 400 grammes de CO2 par kWh et seulement de 230 grammes de CO2 par kWh pour une centrale de cogénération.

Selon l’Agence Internationale de l’énergie, en 2008, l’émission moyenne pour les centrales charbon des pays développés et des pays émergents était supérieure à 1.000 grammes de CO2 par kWh.

Crédits photo : haglundc