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Sur la période 2015-2020, les compagnies pétrolières vont réduire leurs dépenses de 1 000 milliards de dollars. Avec la chute des cours, les majors ont accepté de diminuer les seuils de rentabilité mais donnent tout de même la priorité à leurs actionnaires.
A l’inverse de la société norvégienne Statoil, beaucoup de compagnies pétrolières ont décidé de mettre sous cloche leurs projets d’investissement – 230 seraient d’ailleurs actuellement en attente. Parallèlement, la pluspart des multinationales du secteur (ExxonMobil, BP, ENI…) prévoient de réduire leurs dépenses dans l’amont pétrolier (exploration-production) en réduisant les coûts grâce à une standardisation accrue et en mettant la pression sur leurs fournisseurs.
Pour Sandrine Cauvin, gérante de la société de gestion de portefeuille Vestathena, « les rares grands projets à être lancés aujourd’hui dans le secteur sont ceux où un énorme travail de réduction des coûts a été entrepris ». Lorsque le patron de la société norvégienne a confirmé le projet Johan Sverdrup – un immense champ pétrolier aux larges des côtes de la Norvège -, il a effectivement annoncé avoir réduit les coûts de 20 % en s’appuyant sur « une bonne coopération entre Statoil, ses partenaires et ses fournisseurs ».
De son côté, le cabinet Wood Mackenzie affirme que les sociétés ont « sensiblement réduit leurs seuils de rentabilité », alors que « 70 % des projets pétroliers sont désormais rentables avec un baril inférieur à 60 dollars, contre 50 % à peine un an auparavant ». Pour Sandrine Cauvin, cette tendance s’explique essentiellement par la stratégie des énergéticiens qui donnent la priorité au désendettement et à la rémunération de leurs actionnaires » dans l’allocation de leur cash-flow.
Lire aussi : L’AIE prévoit la hausse des prix du pétrole en 2017