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Plus connu pour sa consommation d’hydrocarbures, le Canada s’est pourtant engagé ces dernières années dans le développement intensif de ses moyens de production renouvelables, et est devenu en l’espace d’une décennie un leader mondial en la matière. Selon un nouveau rapport de l’Office national de l’énergie (ONE) canadien publié mi-octobre, le pays du Premier ministre Justin Trudeau serait aujourd’hui le quatrième producteur d’énergies vertes au monde.
Le quatrième producteur d’énergie renouvelable au monde
Le bilan dressé dans le dernier rapport de l’ONE canadien, intitulé « Panorama de l’électricité renouvelable au Canada », est éloquent. Le pays aurait enregistré au cours de la dernière décennie une augmentation spectaculaire de ces capacités de production renouvelables, passant de 75.000 mégawatts en 2005 à près de 95.000 mégawatts l’an dernier, soit plus de 26 % d’augmentation.
La part des renouvelables autres que l’hydroélectricité au sein de la capacité totale du Canada est passée durant la même période de 2 à 11 %. La capacité des sources d’énergie éolienne, solaire et biomasse, a quant à elle été multipliée par six, passant de 2.360 mégawatts à 15.600 mégawatts. La capacité hydroélectrique, de son côté, a augmenté d’environ 9 % à plus de 79.000 mégawatts, alors qu’en parallèle, les centrales au charbon perdaient 6.230 mégawatts.
Lire aussi : Le Canada renforce le solaire et l’éolien
Résultat, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en lien avec le secteur de l’électricité ont diminué du même coup de 40 % entre 2000 et 2014. Selon le rapport, 11 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre étaient attribuables à la production d’électricité en 2014, soit la dernière année pour laquelle ces statistiques étaient disponibles. En comparaison, cette proportion était d’environ 16 % en 2005.
Comme l’explique Shelley Milutinovic, économiste en chef à l’Office national de l’énergie, « la capacité de production d’électricité du Canada provenant des énergies éolienne et solaire a connu une augmentation spectaculaire depuis dix ans sous l’impulsion de diverses politiques et divers programmes. Le Canada se classe actuellement au deuxième rang mondial pour la production d’hydroélectricité, et au quatrième rang pour sa production à partir de ressources renouvelables ».
Des provinces engagées dans la transition énergétique
Et ce n’est pas fini, l’ONE prévoit un renforcement de cette tendance positive dans les années à venir grâce au soutien croissant des gouvernements provinciaux et des usagers. « Presque chaque province et territoire a un genre de politique pour encourager les énergies renouvelables, en faire la promotion ou les appuyer », ajoute Shelley Milutinovic.
En effet, les différentes provinces canadiennes se sont engagées l’une après l’autre à produire davantage d’électricité issue de sources renouvelables. L’Alberta envisage d’éliminer le charbon d’ici 2030, et le Saskatchewan veut une production d’énergie renouvelable à 50 % à la même date alors que ces deux provinces comptaient respectivement 90 % et 83 % de charbon et de gaz dans leur mix énergétique l’année dernière.
De leur côté, l’Ontario et la Nouvelle-Écosse ont déjà consenti de gros efforts en la matière. Ces régions ont enregistré les gains les plus importants dans la production d’énergie renouvelable entre 2005 et 2015. En Ontario, la production d’énergie renouvelable est passée de 23 % à 34 %, tandis qu’elle doublait en Nouvelle-Écosse, passant de 12 % à 24 %, indique l’ONE.
Les autres provinces poursuivent pleinement l’exploitation de leurs ressources hydrauliques abondantes. On pense ici au Yukon, à la Colombie-Britannique, au Manitoba, au Québec et à Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador, dans lesquelles plus de 90 % de l’électricité produite est d’ores et déjà issue de ressources renouvelables.
Lire aussi : Au Canada, EDF s’appuie sur ses partenaires locaux pour développer les ENR
Rédigé par : lucas-goal
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