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La Russie, un potentiel d’énergie renouvelable largement inexploité | L'EnerGeek La Russie, un potentiel d’énergie renouvelable largement inexploité | L'EnerGeek

La Russie, un potentiel d’énergie renouvelable largement inexploité

énergie_renouvelable_russie_photo_Ruslan_Krivobok

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énergie_renouvelable_russie_photo_Ruslan_KrivobokSi la Russie fait toujours partie aujourd’hui des plus gros consommateurs de combustibles fossiles à l’échelle mondiale, son potentiel énergétique renouvelable considérable pourrait lui permettre d’atteindre un mix énergétique 100% vert dans les prochaines décennies. C’est du moins l’avis d’un groupe de chercheurs de l’Université de technologie de Lappeenranta, en Finlande, qui sont parvenus à modéliser un nouveau système énergétique pour la Russie et les pays de l’Asie centrale, basé exclusivement sur la production d’énergie verte.

Un mix énergétique 100% renouvelable théoriquement plus efficient 

D’après les chiffres publiés par l’observatoire des énergies renouvelables Observ’ER, la Russie est le quatrième producteur mondial d’électricité, avec 1 053,6 TWh en 2012, derrière la Chine, les Etats-Unis et le Japon. Riche en ressources énergétiques, le pays est le premier producteur et exportateur mondial de gaz ; il possède les plus grandes réserves de gaz naturel du monde ainsi que les deuxièmes plus grandes réserves de charbon et les huitièmes pour le pétrole.

La production électrique de la Russie est donc largement dominée par les énergies fossiles, auxquelles s’ajoutent une forte capacité de production nucléaire et d’importantes sources de production renouvelable inexploitées.

La Russie comme l’ensemble des pays d’Asie centrale, dispose en effet de ressources renouvelables abondantes et pourrait en les exploitant pleinement réduire ses coûts énergétiques de 20% par rapport au niveau actuel. Le système énergétique proposé par les chercheurs finlandais de l’université de Lappeenranta serait en effet moins coûteux que ses équivalents basés sur les technologies thermiques et permettrait à l’Asie centrale de devenir une des régions les plus compétitives au monde.

Comme l’explique à l’International Business Times le chercheur Christian Breyer, « c’est le premier modèle d’utilisation d’énergie à 100% renouvelable projeté pour la Russie et l’Asie centrale dans l’histoire. Il démontre que la Russie peut devenir une des régions du monde les plus performantes énergétiquement parlant ».

Un changement de cap énergétique peu probable

Ce schéma repose toutefois sur un certain nombre d’hypothèses effectivement possibles en théorie mais pourtant bien peu réalistes compte tenu du contexte politique, économique et énergétique de cette région. La majorité des pays considérés dans cette étude (dont la Russie, la Biélorussie, le Kazakhstan, l’Ouzbékistan, l’Arménie et l’Azerbaïdjan) sont actuellement fortement dépendants des combustibles fossiles, et devraient dans ce cadre changer totalement d’orientation afin de promouvoir dès aujourd’hui le développement des renouvelables.

Un « Supergrid », sorte de réseau intelligent connecté, devrait également être mis en place afin d’optimiser la distribution de chaque énergie renouvelable et d’assurer l’autonomie énergétique de tous. Les chercheurs finlandais estiment qu’un tel système pourrait fonctionner grâce à mix équilibré comprenant les énergies solaire, géothermique, éolienne, hydraulique et biomasse, et atteindre une capacité totale de 550 gigawatts, soit 162 GW de plus que la capacité du système de production actuel.

Cette étude fait partie du programme de recherche « Neo-Carbon Energy » au sein duquel plusieurs modélisations similaires ont été réalisées pour l’Asie du Nord-est, l’Asie du Sud-est, l’Amérique du Sud et la Finlande.

Crédits photo : Ruslan Krivobok

Rédigé par : livingston-thomas


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