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Si les déchets de toute sorte sont aujourd’hui de mieux en mieux considérés dans la production d’électricité, via l’exploitation et la valorisation énergétique de la biomasse, certains biodéchets présentent des qualités piézoélectriques leur permettant de devenir de véritables nanogénérateurs d’énergie. C’est notamment le cas des écailles de poisson, qui, soumises aux mouvements du corps, aux vibrations acoustiques ou au simple souffle du vent, peuvent produire de l’électricité.

Un nanogénérateur reposant sur le principe de la piézoélectricité

Fonctionnant selon le principe de la piézoélectricité, les écailles de poisson seraient capables de se polariser électriquement. A savoir : générer un champ ou un potentiel électrique stable sous l’action d’une contrainte mécanique. C’est le cas des nanofibres de collagène qui y sont alignées et qui présentent des propriétés piézoélectriques à un coût extrêmement réduit. Présent chez tous les êtres vivants, le collagène explique par exemple l’élasticité de la peau, et est formé de chaînes d’acides aminés chargés électriquement (nanofibres) qui s’enchevêtrent et réagissent aux vibrations.

Mise en évidence dans la revue scientifique Applied Physics Letters par Sujoy Kumar Ghosh et Dipankar Mandal, deux chercheurs indiens de l’université de Jadavpur à Calcutta, cette découverte ne fait pas que démontrer la polarisation des écailles, mais détaille également le moyen d’exploiter ce champ électrique via un traitement spécifique.

Des écailles de catla, l’équivalent indien de notre carpe, ont été dans un premier temps déminéralisées par l’application de solvants, afin de les rendre transparentes et de provoquer l’alignement naturel des fibres de collagène. Le simple traitement par solvants suffit en effet à produire un alignement des fibres de collagène (épaisses de 40 nanomètres), de manière à amplifier l’électricité produite lorsque ce matériau est soumis à pression. Afin d’exploiter cette électricité produite par le collagène, les physiciens n’avaient plus alors qu’à appliquer, sur chaque face de l’écaille, de petites électrodes en or, recouvertes d’une couche de polypropylène.

Un dispositif adapté aux vibrations de faible intensité

Ces écailles transparentes génèrent ainsi de l’électricité quand elles sont déformées ou quand elles vibrent sous l’effet d’un son ou du vent. Les chercheurs indiens ont pu en effet mesurer une tension allant jusqu’à 4 volts par écaille et un débit de courant de 1,5 μA (micro-ampère). La puissance disponible potentielle s’élève donc à près de 1,14 μW par cm2 (obtenue sous une compression de 0,17 MPa). Plus concrètement, les applications expérimentées ici ont permis de produire une tension de 14 V par la simple connexion de quatre écailles, de quoi alimenter en énergie plus de 50 LED bleues.

Lire aussi : Imiter le poisson torpille pour générer de l’électricité : le pari fou de chercheurs japonais

Si la puissance et les applications de cette technologie restent bien sûr limitées, ces nano-générateurs génèrent de l’électricité par le simple fait d’être en mouvement, et offrent la possibilité de recharger de petits appareils électroniques très utiles dans le secteur médical comme les implants, les NEMS injectés dans le sang et imaginés pour transporter des molécules ou effectuer des mesures, ou les stimulateurs cardiaques, alimentés ici par les seuls battements du cœur. Le collagène est une matière abondante chez tous les êtres vivants et permettrait d’éviter les risques de rejet.

Crédits photo : Yoann Gruson Daniel