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Depuis que l’industrie nucléaire a pris son essor en France dans les années 60, plusieurs centrales sont arrivées en fin de vie et doivent faire l’objet d’un processus de « démantèlement » ou « déconstruction ». Quelles sont les différentes étapes de ce processus ?

 

Plus d’une trentaine d’installations nucléaires sont actuellement en phase de mise à l’arrêt définitif. EDF est par exemple en train de déconstruire neuf réacteurs: Brennilis, Bugey 1, Chinon A1, A2 et A3, Chooz A, Creys-Malville et Saint-Laurent A1 et A2.

Le démantèlement d’une centrale nucléaire se déroule en trois phases:

– La mise à l’arrêt définitif:

Cette première étape comprend la mise à l’arrêt de la centrale, le déchargement du combustible et la vidange de tous les circuits, avant la mise à l’arrêt définitif (démontage d’installations non nucléaires définitivement mises hors services).

Cette étape de transition permet aux équipes d’exploitation d’évacuer le maximum de substances dangereuses, de mettre à l’arrêt des procédés et à la préparation des opérations de démantèlement (préparation des chantiers, formation des équipes, etc.).

Dans le cas d’un réacteur nucléaire, le combustible est évacué de l’installation. Dans le cas d’une usine de retraitement, par exemple, les procédés sont vidangés et rincés. Les fonctions de sûreté requises pour la phase d’exploitation continuent à être assurées.

Avec le retrait du combustible nucléaire et la vidange des circuits, 99,9% de la radioactivité est évacuée de l’installation.

– Le démantèlement partiel:

Cette seconde phase concerne le démontage des équipements et de tous les bâtiments (sauf le bâtiment réacteur), le conditionnement et l’évacuation de l’ensemble des déchets vers les centres de stockage agréés et la mise sous surveillance du bâtiment réacteur.  Les déchets radioactifs ainsi produits sont conditionnés, caractérisés puis éliminés dans les filières adéquates.

Il est important de préciser que les opérations réalisées lors de cette phase nécessitent une nouvelle autorisation administrative. Cette étape doit être effectuée dans les 10 ans suivant l’arrêt de la production d’électricité.

– Le démantèlement total:

Le démontage complet du bâtiment réacteur, ainsi que des matériaux et équipements encore radioactifs et l’évacuation des déchets ainsi générés sont compris dans cette dernière étape qui dure environ 10 ans.

A l’issue de cette étape, le site peut être réutilisé.