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Alors que les énergies renouvelables montent en puissance (12,7% de l’énergie de la planète est d’origine renouvelable), la part de la biomasse dans la production d’électricité est appelée à monter en France et en Allemagne. Mais si la France mise sur une augmentation de l’électricité à partir de la biomasse d’ici à 2020, l’Allemagne en fait littéralement une énergie d’avenir.
La biomasse, une ressource davantage exploitée en Allemagne
En Allemagne, la principale source d’énergie primaire est le pétrole, à 33%, suivie du charbon et du gaz naturel à 23%, de l’uranium à 11% et de la biomasse à 8%. Par comparaison en France, la principale source primaire est l’uranium (42%), puis le pétrole (31%), le gaz naturel (15%), la biomasse (6%) et le charbon (4%). La biomasse arrive donc en quatrième position en France, mais sa consommation est appelée à augmenter. Le comité opérationnel « énergies renouvelables » du Grenelle de l’environnement s’est fixé comme objectif une augmentation de la production d’électricité et de chaleur à partir de la biomasse de 7,5 Mtep à l’horizon 2020, soit un tiers de l’augmentation de la production d’énergie renouvelable.
Depuis 1991, la consommation totale de biomasse n’a cessé d’augmenter en Allemagne, alors qu’elle peine à maintenir un niveau stable du côté français. Comme le tableau ci-dessous le démontre, la consommation, encore trois fois plus faible en Allemagne qu’en France en 1991 (4,6 Mtep contre 12,6), a très rapidement augmenté pour dépasser 25 Mtep contre 14,6 en France en 2008.
Comment expliquer ce contraste ?
Avant tout, les politiques d’utilisation de la biomasse différent entre la France et l’Allemagne.14,56 Mtep de biomasse sont consacrées à la production d’électricité en Allemagne, contre 2,21 Mtep en France. Le biogaz est aussi beaucoup plus développé en Allemagne : 4,04 Mtep contre 0,48 Mtep en France.
Ce fossé entre la consommation de biomasse entre la France et l’Allemagne reflète également des divergences de stratégies énergétiques face à l’essor des énergies renouvelables. L’Allemagne a par conséquent largement investi dans le développement de l’éolien (26 GW installés contre 4,5 GW en France fin 2009), le photovoltaïque (10 GW contre 0,3), secteurs dans lesquels la France accuse un retard considérable. De plus, comme l’Allemagne sort du nucléaire, les énergies renouvelables devront avoir pris le relais des 22% d’électricité actuellement produits par l’atome d’ici à 2022.
C’est dans ce contexte qu’un Plan d’action national pour l’Allemagne a été adopté par le ministère de l’environnement, en partenariat avec le ministère de l’agriculture. Les énergies renouvelables devront du coup produire 30% de l’électricité du pays d’ici à 2020.
Sept millions d’hectares de terres agricoles (environ 12 millions d’hectares de terres arables et environ 5 millions d’hectares de prairies) et 11 millions d’ hectares de terres forestières pour la fourniture sont désormais utilisés pour la culture énergétique.L’accent est mis sur la culture de colza pour la production de biodiesel (910 000 ha), la fourniture de substrats pour la production de biogaz (800.000 ha) et la culture de plantes pour la production de bioéthanol (250.000 ha).